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Saudi NCA ECC Controls List

The Essential Cybersecurity Controls are the minimum cybersecurity requirements the National Cybersecurity Authority sets for Saudi entities. The 2024 edition has four domains and 28 subdomains, covering governance, defence, resilience, and third-party and cloud security.

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Who it is for. Government agencies in Saudi Arabia, including ministries and authorities, and their affiliated companies and entities inside and outside the Kingdom, plus private-sector entities that own, operate or host critical national infrastructure. The NCA encourages everyone else to use it.

What this list covers. ECC-2:2024, the English edition published by the National Cybersecurity Authority on nca.gov.sa (document dated 2024, read in November 2026). The Arabic text is the binding one, and the NCA tells readers to check its website for the latest version, so do that before relying on this list: 200 controls. Each has a reference, a heading and a sentence in plain English.

Read it here, download it when you want it. The download is the SecureXcel unified controls workbook for this framework, an Excel file exactly as we maintain it, with a Version History sheet for document control.

1-1. Governance: cybersecurity strategy

RefControlWhat it requires
1-1-1Approved cybersecurity strategyWrite down a cybersecurity strategy, get the head of the entity or a delegate to approve and back it, and keep its goals in line with the laws and regulations that apply to you.
1-1-2Action plan for the strategyCarry out an action plan that puts the cybersecurity strategy into effect.
1-1-3Review the strategyReview the strategy at planned intervals, and again whenever the relevant legal or regulatory requirements change.

1-2. Governance: cybersecurity management

RefControlWhat it requires
1-2-1Independent cybersecurity departmentSet up a cybersecurity department that is separate from IT and communications. Ideally it reports to the head of the entity or a delegate, with care taken to avoid conflicts of interest.
1-2-2Full-time Saudi cybersecurity staffFill every cybersecurity position with full-time, qualified Saudi professionals.
1-2-3Cybersecurity supervisory committeeForm a committee, on the authorised official's instruction, to oversee the programmes. Document and approve its members, duties and governance, and include the head of cybersecurity.

1-3. Governance: policies and procedures

RefControlWhat it requires
1-3-1Document and approve policiesHave the cybersecurity department write the policies and procedures, covering the controls and requirements, get them approved by the authorised official, and share them with the people concerned.
1-3-2Put policies into practiceMake sure the approved cybersecurity policies and procedures are actually applied across the entity.
1-3-3Technical security standardsBack the policies with technical security standards for items such as firewalls, databases and operating systems.
1-3-4Review and update policiesReview and update policies and procedures at planned intervals or when laws, regulations or standards change. Record and approve each change.

1-4. Governance: roles and responsibilities

RefControlWhat it requires
1-4-1Define cybersecurity rolesThe authorised official documents and approves the governance structure, roles and responsibilities for cybersecurity, names the people for them, and supports them without creating conflicts of interest.
1-4-2Review rolesReview and update cybersecurity roles and responsibilities at planned intervals or when the relevant legal or regulatory requirements change.

1-5. Governance: risk management

RefControlWhat it requires
1-5-1Risk management methodDefine, document and approve a cybersecurity risk method and procedures that take confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and technology assets into account.
1-5-2Apply the risk methodHave the cybersecurity department put the risk management method and procedures into use.
1-5-3When risk assessment is mandatoryRun risk assessments at least at the four trigger points listed below.
1-5-3-1Assess early in technology projectsCarry out a cybersecurity risk assessment at an early stage of each technology project.
1-5-3-2Assess before major infrastructure changeCarry out a risk assessment before making major changes to technology infrastructure.
1-5-3-3Assess when planning third-party servicesCarry out a risk assessment while planning to obtain services from a third party.
1-5-3-4Assess before launching servicesCarry out a risk assessment while planning, and before releasing, new technology services and products.
1-5-4Review the risk methodReview and update the risk method and procedures at planned intervals or when laws, regulations or standards change. Record and approve changes.

1-6. Governance: cybersecurity in technology projects

RefControlWhat it requires
1-6-1Security in project and change managementBuild cybersecurity requirements into project management and technology change management so risks are managed through the project lifecycle, and treat them as a core part of project requirements.
1-6-2Minimum security for projects and changesProjects and changes to technology assets must at least meet the two requirements below.
1-6-2-1Fix vulnerabilities in projectsAssess vulnerabilities and remediate them as part of each project and change.
1-6-2-2Check hardening before go-liveReview secure configuration, hardening and update packages before a project or change goes live.
1-6-3Minimum security for software developmentSoftware and application development projects must at least meet the five requirements below.
1-6-3-1Secure coding standardsDevelop software using secure coding standards.
1-6-3-2Trusted and licensed toolingTake development tools and libraries only from trusted, licensed sources.
1-6-3-3Test against security requirementsTest software for compliance with the entity's cybersecurity requirements.
1-6-3-4Secure application integrationIntegrate applications with each other in a secure way.
1-6-3-5Check hardening before releaseReview secure configuration, hardening and update packages before software products are released.
1-6-4Review project security requirementsReview the cybersecurity requirements for project management periodically.

1-7. Governance: compliance with standards, laws and regulations

RefControlWhat it requires
1-7-1Honour international commitmentsWhere Saudi Arabia has approved international agreements or commitments that carry cybersecurity requirements, identify those requirements and comply with them.

1-8. Governance: periodic review and audit

RefControlWhat it requires
1-8-1Internal review of controlsHave the cybersecurity department periodically review how the entity implements cybersecurity controls.
1-8-2Independent audit of controlsHave people outside the cybersecurity department review and audit the controls, independently and with conflicts of interest considered, in line with generally accepted auditing standards and the law.
1-8-3Report audit resultsDocument audit and review results, including scope, observations, recommendations, corrective actions and remediation plans, and present them to the supervisory committee and the authorised official.

1-9. Governance: cybersecurity in human resources

RefControlWhat it requires
1-9-1Personnel security requirementsIdentify, document and approve cybersecurity requirements for staff and contractors before, during and at the end of their employment.
1-9-2Apply personnel requirementsPut the personnel cybersecurity requirements into practice.
1-9-3Minimum requirements before employmentBefore staff start, at least the two requirements below must be met.
1-9-3-1Security and confidentiality clausesPut cybersecurity responsibilities and non-disclosure clauses in employment contracts, and make them cover the period during and after employment.
1-9-3-2Screen sensitive rolesScreen or vet people in cybersecurity roles and in technical roles with critical or privileged powers.
1-9-4Minimum requirements during employmentDuring employment, at least the two requirements below must be met.
1-9-4-1Awareness from onboarding onwardsGive staff cybersecurity awareness when they join and throughout their employment.
1-9-4-2Staff comply with policiesMake sure staff apply and comply with the cybersecurity policies, procedures and operating practice.
1-9-5Revoke access when employment endsReview staff access rights and withdraw them immediately when employment ends.
1-9-6Review personnel requirementsReview the cybersecurity requirements for personnel periodically.

1-10. Governance: awareness and training

RefControlWhat it requires
1-10-1Awareness programmeDevelop and approve, and refresh periodically, an awareness programme delivered through several channels that builds a positive security culture and explains cyber threats and risks.
1-10-2Run the awareness programmeDeliver the approved awareness programme within the entity.
1-10-3Awareness topics to coverThe programme must teach staff to defend against the latest threats, including the four topics below.
1-10-3-1Email and phishingTeach safe handling of email, especially phishing messages.
1-10-3-2Mobile devices and storage mediaTeach safe handling of mobile devices and storage media.
1-10-3-3Safe browsingTeach safe Internet browsing.
1-10-3-4Social mediaTeach safe use of social media.
1-10-4Specialist training by roleGive specialised skills and training to people whose jobs relate directly to cybersecurity, pitched to their responsibilities, as covered by the three groups below.
1-10-4-1Train cybersecurity department staffTrain the people working in the cybersecurity department.
1-10-4-2Train developers and technology staffTrain staff who build software or applications and those who work on the entity's information and technology assets.
1-10-4-3Train executives and supervisorsTrain people in executive and supervisory positions.
1-10-5Review the awareness programmeReview periodically how the awareness programme is being carried out.

2-1. Defense: asset management

RefControlWhat it requires
2-1-1Asset management requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for managing information and technology assets.
2-1-2Apply asset management requirementsPut the asset management requirements into practice.
2-1-3Acceptable use policyWrite, approve and communicate a policy on acceptable use of information and technology assets.
2-1-4Apply the acceptable use policyPut the acceptable use policy into practice.
2-1-5Classify, label and handle assetsClassify, label and handle information and technology assets as the relevant laws and regulations require.
2-1-6Review asset management requirementsReview the asset management requirements periodically.

2-2. Defense: identity and access management

RefControlWhat it requires
2-2-1Access management requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for identity and access management.
2-2-2Apply access management requirementsPut the identity and access management requirements into practice.
2-2-3Minimum access requirementsThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-2-3-1Username and password loginProvide single-factor authentication based on a username and password.
2-2-3-2Multi-factor authenticationUse multi-factor authentication for remote access and privileged accounts, choosing the factors, their number and the technique from an impact assessment of authentication failure and bypass.
2-2-3-3Authorisation by access principlesGrant access by need-to-know and need-to-use, least privilege and segregation of duties.
2-2-3-4Privileged access managementManage privileged access.
2-2-3-5Periodic access reviewReview identities and access rights periodically.
2-2-4Review access managementReview how the access management requirements are implemented, periodically.

2-3. Defense: information systems and processing facilities

RefControlWhat it requires
2-3-1System protection requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for protecting information systems and processing facilities, including workstations and infrastructure.
2-3-2Apply system protection requirementsPut those protection requirements into practice.
2-3-3Minimum system protectionThe requirements must at least cover the four areas below.
2-3-3-1Malware protectionProtect workstations and servers from viruses, suspicious programs and malware using modern, advanced technologies, and manage those tools securely.
2-3-3-2Restrict external storage mediaRestrict the use of external storage media strictly, and secure it.
2-3-3-3Patch managementManage patches for systems, applications and devices.
2-3-3-4Central clock synchronisationSynchronise clocks centrally against an accurate, trusted source, such as one provided by the Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization.
2-3-4Review system protectionReview the implementation of these protection requirements periodically.

2-4. Defense: email protection

RefControlWhat it requires
2-4-1Email protection requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for protecting the entity's email service.
2-4-2Apply email protection requirementsPut the email protection requirements into practice.
2-4-3Minimum email protectionThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-4-3-1Filter emailAnalyse and filter email, especially phishing and spam, using modern, advanced protection techniques.
2-4-3-2Email multi-factor authenticationUse multi-factor authentication for remote and webmail access, choosing the factors, their number and the technique from an impact assessment of authentication failure and bypass.
2-4-3-3Email archive and backupArchive and back up email.
2-4-3-4Email APT protectionManage and protect the email service securely against advanced persistent threats, which typically use zero-day malware and viruses.
2-4-3-5SPF, DKIM and DMARCValidate the entity's email domains using SPF, DKIM and DMARC.
2-4-4Review email protectionReview the email protection requirements periodically.

2-5. Defense: network security management

RefControlWhat it requires
2-5-1Network security requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for managing the entity's network security.
2-5-2Apply network security requirementsPut the network security requirements into practice.
2-5-3Minimum network securityThe requirements must at least cover the nine areas below.
2-5-3-1Segment the networkIsolate and segment network zones, logically or physically, using firewalls and defence in depth to control the relevant risks.
2-5-3-2Separate production from test and developmentKeep the production network isolated from testing and development networks.
2-5-3-3Secure browsing and connectivityProvide secure browsing and Internet access, with strict limits on suspicious sites, file storage and sharing sites, and remote access sites.
2-5-3-4Wireless securitySecure wireless networks with strong authentication and encryption, and connect them to the internal network only after a full risk assessment and with the risks handled.
2-5-3-5Restrict services, protocols and portsRestrict and manage network services, protocols and ports.
2-5-3-6Intrusion preventionUse intrusion prevention systems.
2-5-3-7DNS securitySecure the Domain Name Service.
2-5-3-8Browsing channel APT protectionManage and protect the Internet browsing channel securely against advanced persistent threats, which typically use zero-day malware and viruses.
2-5-3-9DDoS protectionProtect against distributed denial of service attacks to limit the risk they pose.
2-5-4Review network securityReview the network security requirements periodically.

2-6. Defense: mobile devices security

RefControlWhat it requires
2-6-1Mobile and BYOD requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for mobile devices and bring-your-own-device use when they connect to the entity's network.
2-6-2Apply mobile and BYOD requirementsPut the mobile device and BYOD requirements into practice.
2-6-3Minimum mobile and BYOD securityThe requirements must at least cover the four areas below.
2-6-3-1Separate and encrypt entity dataKeep the entity's data on mobile devices and personal devices separate from personal data, and encrypt it.
2-6-3-2Restrict use to business needControl and restrict device use to what the entity's business needs.
2-6-3-3Wipe entity dataDelete the entity's data from mobile and personal devices if a device is lost or when the person's employment ends.
2-6-3-4User awareness for devicesMake users aware of the security of their devices.
2-6-4Review mobile and BYOD securityReview the mobile device and BYOD requirements periodically.

2-7. Defense: data and information protection

RefControlWhat it requires
2-7-1Data protection requirementsIdentify, document and approve the requirements for protecting and handling the entity's data and information, in line with the relevant laws and regulations.
2-7-2Protect data by classificationPut data protection requirements into practice, with the level of protection set by the classification of the data.
2-7-3Review data protectionReview how the data protection requirements are implemented, periodically.

2-8. Defense: cryptography

RefControlWhat it requires
2-8-1Cryptography requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for cryptography.
2-8-2Apply cryptography requirementsPut the cryptography requirements into practice.
2-8-3Meet the National Cryptographic StandardsMeet at least the NCA's National Cryptographic Standards, at a level matched to data sensitivity and the entity's risk assessment. The three areas below must be covered.
2-8-3-1Approved cryptographic solutionsUse cryptographic systems and solutions that meet approved standards, within their technical and regulatory limits.
2-8-3-2Cryptographic key managementManage cryptographic keys securely through their whole lifecycle.
2-8-3-3Encrypt data in transit and at restEncrypt data in transit and at rest according to its classification and the relevant laws and regulations.
2-8-4Review cryptographyReview the cryptography requirements periodically.

2-9. Defense: backup and recovery

RefControlWhat it requires
2-9-1Backup requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for backup and recovery.
2-9-2Apply backup requirementsPut the backup and recovery requirements into practice.
2-9-3Minimum backup and recoveryThe requirements must at least cover the three areas below.
2-9-3-1Back up critical assetsMake sure backups cover critical technology and information assets.
2-9-3-2Recover quicklyBe able to restore data and systems quickly after a cybersecurity incident.
2-9-3-3Test restoresTest periodically that backups can be restored.
2-9-4Review backupReview the backup and recovery requirements periodically.

2-10. Defense: vulnerability management

RefControlWhat it requires
2-10-1Vulnerability management requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for managing technical vulnerabilities.
2-10-2Apply vulnerability managementPut the vulnerability management requirements into practice.
2-10-3Minimum vulnerability managementThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-10-3-1Periodic vulnerability assessmentAssess and scan for vulnerabilities periodically.
2-10-3-2Rank vulnerabilities by severityClassify vulnerabilities by how severe they are.
2-10-3-3Fix by classification and riskRemediate vulnerabilities according to their classification and the cyber risk involved.
2-10-3-4Verified patchingPatch to fix vulnerabilities, and check in a non-production environment that updates are sound and effective before applying them.
2-10-3-5Trusted vulnerability sourcesKeep in touch with, and subscribe to, trusted sources for new and current vulnerabilities.
2-10-4Review vulnerability managementReview the vulnerability management requirements periodically.

2-11. Defense: penetration testing

RefControlWhat it requires
2-11-1Penetration testing requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for penetration testing.
2-11-2Apply penetration testingPut the penetration testing requirements into practice.
2-11-3Minimum penetration testingThe requirements must at least cover the two areas below.
2-11-3-1Test every Internet-facing serviceInclude in scope all services provided over the Internet and their technical parts: infrastructure, websites, web applications, mobile apps, email and remote access.
2-11-3-2Test periodicallyRun penetration tests periodically.
2-11-4Review penetration testingReview the penetration testing requirements periodically.

2-12. Defense: event logs and monitoring

RefControlWhat it requires
2-12-1Logging and monitoring requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for event logs and monitoring.
2-12-2Apply logging and monitoringPut the logging and monitoring requirements into practice.
2-12-3Minimum logging and monitoringThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-12-3-1Log critical assetsTurn on cybersecurity event logs for the entity's critical information assets.
2-12-3-2Log privileged and remote accessTurn on event logs for critical and privileged accounts that access information assets, and for remote access events.
2-12-3-3SIEM collectionDecide which Security Information and Event Management techniques are needed to collect event logs.
2-12-3-4Continuous monitoringMonitor cybersecurity event logs continuously.
2-12-3-5Keep logs for at least 12 monthsSet a retention period for event logs of at least 12 months.
2-12-4Review logging and monitoringReview the logging and monitoring requirements periodically.

2-13. Defense: incident and threat management

RefControlWhat it requires
2-13-1Incident and threat requirementsIdentify, document and approve the requirements for managing cybersecurity incidents and threats.
2-13-2Apply incident and threat managementPut the incident and threat management requirements into practice.
2-13-3Minimum incident and threat managementThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-13-3-1Response plans and escalationHave incident response plans and escalation procedures.
2-13-3-2Classify incidentsClassify cybersecurity incidents.
2-13-3-3Report incidents to the NCAReport cybersecurity incidents to the NCA.
2-13-3-4Share information with the NCAShare incident notifications, threat intelligence, indicators of compromise and incident reports with the NCA.
2-13-3-5Threat intelligence feedsCollect and handle threat intelligence feeds.
2-13-4Review incident and threat managementReview the incident and threat management requirements periodically.

2-14. Defense: physical security

RefControlWhat it requires
2-14-1Physical protection requirementsIdentify, document and approve the requirements for protecting information and technology assets against unauthorised physical access, loss, theft and damage.
2-14-2Apply physical protectionPut the physical protection requirements into practice.
2-14-3Minimum physical protectionThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-14-3-1Authorised access to critical areasAllow only authorised people into critical areas such as data centres, disaster recovery sites, surveillance centres and network rooms.
2-14-3-2Access and CCTV logsKeep access logs and monitor with CCTV.
2-14-3-3Protect access and monitoring recordsProtect the access log and monitoring records.
2-14-3-4Secure destruction and re-useDestroy or re-use physical assets that hold classified information, including paper and storage media, securely.
2-14-3-5Secure equipment on and off siteSecure devices and equipment inside and outside the entity's facilities.
2-14-4Review physical protectionReview the physical protection requirements periodically.

2-15. Defense: web application security

RefControlWhat it requires
2-15-1Web application requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for the entity's external web applications.
2-15-2Apply web application requirementsPut the web application security requirements into practice.
2-15-3Minimum web application securityThe requirements must at least cover the five areas below.
2-15-3-1Web application firewallUse a web application firewall.
2-15-3-2Multi-tier architectureBuild applications on the multi-tier architecture principle.
2-15-3-3Secure protocolsUse secure protocols such as HTTPS.
2-15-3-4Secure use policy for usersMake the secure usage policy clear to users.
2-15-3-5User authenticationAuthenticate users, with factors, their number and technique chosen from an impact assessment of authentication failure and bypass for user access.
2-15-4Review web application securityReview the web application security requirements periodically.

3-1. Resilience: business continuity

RefControlWhat it requires
3-1-1Continuity requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements within business continuity management.
3-1-2Apply continuity requirementsPut the cybersecurity requirements for business continuity into practice.
3-1-3Minimum continuity requirementsThe requirements must at least cover the three areas below.
3-1-3-1Keep security systems runningKeep cybersecurity systems and procedures running through a disruption.
3-1-3-2Incident plans for continuityDevelop plans for responding to cybersecurity incidents that could disrupt the business.
3-1-3-3Disaster recovery plansDevelop disaster recovery plans.
3-1-4Review continuity requirementsReview the cybersecurity requirements for business continuity periodically.

4-1. Third-party and cloud: third-party cybersecurity

RefControlWhat it requires
4-1-1Third-party contract requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for the entity's contracts and agreements with third parties.
4-1-2Minimum third-party contract termsContracts and agreements, such as service level agreements, with third parties whose failure could affect your data or services must at least include the three terms below.
4-1-2-1Confidentiality and secure data removalInclude non-disclosure clauses, and secure removal of the entity's data by the third party when the service ends.
4-1-2-2Incident communicationSet out how to communicate when a cybersecurity incident occurs.
4-1-2-3Third party applies your requirementsOblige the third party to apply the entity's cybersecurity requirements and policies and the relevant laws and regulations.
4-1-3Terms for IT outsourcing and managed servicesContracts with providers of IT or cybersecurity outsourcing or managed services must at least cover the two points below.
4-1-3-1Assess risk before signingAssess cybersecurity risk and confirm mitigating controls exist before signing, or when relevant laws and regulations change.
4-1-3-2Managed security centres in Saudi ArabiaLocate cybersecurity managed service centres for monitoring and operations that use remote access entirely inside the Kingdom.
4-1-4Review third-party requirementsReview the cybersecurity requirements for third parties periodically.

4-2. Third-party and cloud: cloud computing and hosting

RefControlWhat it requires
4-2-1Cloud and hosting requirementsIdentify, document and approve the cybersecurity requirements for using cloud computing and hosting services.
4-2-2Apply cloud and hosting requirementsPut the cloud and hosting security requirements into practice.
4-2-3Minimum cloud and hosting securityOn top of the controls in domains 1, 2 and 3 and subdomain 4-1, the requirements must at least cover the two areas below.
4-2-3-1Provider protects data, then returns itMake sure the provider protects the entity's data according to its classification, and hands it back in a usable format when the service ends.
4-2-3-2Separate your environmentSeparate the entity's environment, especially virtual servers, from those of the provider's other customers.
4-2-4Review cloud and hosting requirementsReview the cloud computing and hosting requirements periodically.
Download NCA ECC controls list (Excel)Free account needed. You come straight back to the file.

SecureXcel unified controls workbook

Alongside the list above, SecureXcel keeps a unified set of practical controls. For each control the workbook gives the risk it addresses, the objective, a description, whether it is preventive or detective, how often to run it, the design and operating test procedures, and the evidence to collect, with the references it covers in this framework. There is one workbook per framework, supplied as it is, with a Version History sheet for document control. Free account needed; you come straight back to the file.

A summary, not the source. The references and short headings identify each item. The wording beside them is our own summary and is not a quotation, a legal opinion or advice. Check the published source for the exact requirement. We help organisations with this: see our Cybersecurity Assessment service.

Questions people ask

Who has to comply with the NCA ECC?

Government agencies and their affiliated companies, and private entities that own, operate or host critical national infrastructure. Other entities are encouraged to adopt it as good practice. The cloud and hosting controls bind those using, or planning to use, such services.

What changed between ECC-1:2018 and ECC-2:2024?

The industrial control systems domain was removed and its controls moved to the NCA's separate operational technology controls (OTCC). Data localisation moved to the National Data Management Office, and some controls were clarified, such as multi-factor authentication and email domain checks.

Do the ICS and operational technology controls appear here?

No. ECC-2:2024 has four domains and no longer holds the industrial control systems controls, so they are not in this list. If you run industrial systems, look at the NCA's OT cybersecurity controls.

Why does the list show sub-controls such as 2-2-3-2 as well as 2-2-3?

The ECC states some controls as a minimum set of items and numbers each item. We list the parent control and every numbered item so you can track each one on its own.

Is this a complete statement of the ECC?

No. It is a plain-English summary in our own words. The NCA's document is the authority, and the Arabic version is the binding text, so check the published source for the exact requirement.

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